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1600s (decade)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 1600s (pronounced "sixteen-hundreds") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1600, and ended on 31 December 1609.

The term "sixteen-hundreds" could also mean the entire century from 1 January 1600 to 31 December 1699.

The decade was a period of significant political, scientific, and artistic advancement. European Colonies such as Virginia were established in the late 1600s. Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler made significant contributions to science and astronomy. The Polish-Swedish War saw the Battle of Kokenhausen in 1601, where Polish horsemen led by Krzysztof Radziwiłł defeated Swedish attackers under Carl Gyllenhielm.

Events

1600

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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  • July 2Eighty Years' War (Dutch War of Independence) – Battle of Nieuwpoort: The Dutch Republic gains a tactical victory over the Spanish Empire.[6]
  • August 5 – The brothers Alexander Ruthven and John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, are killed during a failed attempt to kidnap or murder King James VI of Scotland at their home.
  • September 18 – The Battle of Mirăslău takes place within Transylvania as Hungarian troops, backed by the Holy Roman Empire, triumph over the Principality of Wallachia, backed by Poland. Hungarian General Giorgio Basta brings 30,000 men against the 22,000 commanded by Wallachia's ruler Michael the Brave. The Wallachians sustain more than 5,000 dead and wounded.
  • September 24 – All 130 crew of the Dutch Republic ship Hoop die when the merchantman sinks in a storm while traveling in the Pacific Ocean between the Hawaiian Islands and Japan.[7] The Liefde, a ship accompanying Hoop, is badly damaged but survives; all but 24 of its crew of more than 100 die from starvation and thirst after drifting more than six months before arriving in Japan on April 19, 1601.

October–December

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Date unknown

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1601

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Date unknown

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1602

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Ongoing

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Date unknown

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1603

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Ongoing events

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Date unknown

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1604

January–March

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April–June

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  • April 9 – On the first day of the new year 966 M.E. on the Burmese calendar, King Nyaungyan Min of Burma makes a triumphant return to his capital at Inwa after his victory in the war against the principality of Mongnai (Monē), one of the Shan States between Burma and Siam
  • April 17Tsar Dmitry of Russia makes a public conversion to Roman Catholicism in order to attract the aid of Jesuits in his attempt to rule all of Russia.
  • April 18Maurice of Nassau assembles a combined army of 7,000 Dutch and 4,000 English soldiers to make an attack on the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium).
  • May 19 – Maurice of Nassau begins the Siege of Sluis, a port in the Spanish Netherlands, with 11,000 Dutch and English troops. Despite reinforcements from Spanish relief troops, the city surrenders after three months, with both sides having lost hundreds of casualties.
  • May 20
    • Five conspirators in England, led by Robert Catesby, who has invited Thomas Wintour, John Wright, Thomas Percy and Guy Fawkes, meet at the Duck and Drake Inn in London to make a plan for the assassination of King James.[47]
    • Peace discussions between England and Spain begin at Somerset House in London to end the Anglo-Spanish War after 19 years of fighting.
  • May 22 – English entrepreneur Charles Leigh and a crew of 46 arrive in South America at what is now the Oyapock River in French Guiana after traveling on the ship Olive Plant. The 35 men and boys who stay create a colonial settlement which they call Oliveleigh, and make a claim to all of the area.
  • June 9Thomas Percy, one of the English conspirators in the Gunpowder Plot to assassinate King James I, is appointed as one of the king's bodyguards by the Earl of Northumberland.
  • June 15Ottoman–Safavid War: General Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, commander of the eastern Ottoman Army, leads troops on a march from Constantinople to fight the Persia's Safavid Army in Armenia, but arrives too late to save the city of Yerevan.
  • JuneOttoman–Safavid War (1603–18): Shāh Abbas I of Persia's Safavid army captures the city of Yerevan from the Ottoman Empire after a siege. At this time the Shāh begins the expulsion of Armenians from Jolfa to New Julfa in his capital of Isfahan; more than 25,000 die during the exodus.

July–September

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October–December

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Date unknown

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Religion

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1605

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Date unknown

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1606


January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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1607

January–March

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April–June

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  • April 25Battle of Gibraltar: A Dutch fleet of 26 warships, led by Admiral Jacob van Heemskerck, stages a surprise attack on a Spanish fleet anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar. In the battle that ensues, Spain loses as many as 10 galleons and 12 smaller ships, and at least 300 men are killed. The disaster causes Spain to go into bankruptcy by October. [86]
  • April 26 – English colonists make landfall at Cape Henry, Virginia, later moving up the James River.
  • May 14Jamestown, Virginia, is established as the first permanent English settlement in North America, beginning the American frontier.
  • May 15 – From Jamestown, Christopher Newport, George Percy, Gabriel Archer and others travel six days exploring along the James River up to the falls and Powhatan's village.
  • May 26 – At Jamestown, the president of the governing council, Edward Wingfield, directs the fort to be strengthened and armed against the many attacks of the natives: "Hereupon the President was contented the Fort should be pallisadoed, the ordinance mounted, his men armed and exercised, for many were the assaults and Ambuscadoes of the Savages ..."[87] 200 armed Indians attack the Jamestown settlement, killing two people and wounding 10.
  • May 28 – A wooden defensive wall (palisade) is built by settlers around the Fort at Jamestown. Gabriel Archer writes in his journal, "we laboured, pallozadoing our fort".
  • June 5Dr John Hall marries Susanna, daughter of William Shakespeare, at the Church of the Holy Trinity, S4tratford-upon-Avon (England).
  • June 8 – Newton rebellion: The Tresham landowning family kills more than 40 peasants during protests against the enclosure of common land in Newton, Northamptonshire, England, at the culmination of the Midland Revolt.
  • June 10 – In Jamestown, Captain John Smith is released from arrest and sworn in as a member of the colony Council.
  • June 15 – At Jamestown, the triangular fort is completed and armed: "The fifteenth of June we had built and finished our Fort, which was triangle wise, having three Bulwarkes, at every corner, like a halfe Moone, and foure or five pieces of Artillerie mounted in them. We had made our selves sufficiently strong for these Savages. We had also sowne most of our Corne on two Mountaines."[88] The colony reportedly bears extreme toil in strengthening the fort.[89]
  • June 22 – Christopher Newport sails back to England.

July–September

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October–December

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  • October 4Flight of the Earls: The Earl of Tyrone and the Earl of Tyrconnell, along with their followers, reach the European continent, landing on St. Francis' Day at Quilleboeuf in France with 99 people.[90] after having departed Rathmullan in Ireland on September 12.
  • October 27Halley's Comet is seen by Johannes Kepler.
  • November 7 – A Dutch warship commanded by Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge arrives at the Malay Peninsula to attempt opening trade with the Pahang Sultanate, and get Pahang's assistance in the Dutch Navy's fight against the Portuguese Navy in Asian trade. Sultan Abdul Ghafur agrees to assistance in return for Dutch technical assistance.[91]
  • November 9 – King Philip III of Spain announces that his government had run out of money and that it is suspending payments on its foreign debts.[92] effectively declaring the state bankrupt. The decision in the wake of the destruction of most of the ships of Spain's Navy at the April 25 Battle of Gibraltar.
  • November 15Flight of the Earls: After the departure from Ireland of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, along with 90 of their followers, King James I of England, Scotland and Ireland issues a proclamation "that the flight of the Earles of Tyrone and Tyrconell, with some others of their fellowes out of the North parts of our Realme of Ireland; these men's corruption and falshood, whose hainous offences remaine so fresh in memorie since they declared themselves so very monsters in nature, as they did not only whithdraw themselues from their personall obedience to their Soveraigne, but were content to sell over their Native Countrey to those that stood at that time in the highest termes of hostilitie with the two Crownes of England and Ireland... we doe hereby professe in the worde of a King, that... notwithstanding all that they can claime, must be acknowledged to proceed from meere Grace upon their submission after their great and unnaturall Treasons", and must forfeit their rights and possessions as nobles. [93]
  • December 10 – Captain John Smith and nine men depart the Jamestown Colony on a barge in order to get more corn for the English fort. Sailing up the Chickahominy River, the boat reaches a settlement of the Appomattoc tribe at Apocant. While Smith, Jehu Robinson and Thomas Emery are further upstream in a canoe, George Casson is captured at Apocant by Opchanacanough, brother of Chief Powhatan. Robinson and Emery are killed while Smith is away from their camp, and Smith is soon taken prisoner by Opchancanough and, on January 5, is delivered to Powhatan at Werowocomoco for execution. After an intervention by Powhatan's daughter, Pocahontas, Smith is released a month after his capture.[94]
  • December 22 – A fleet of 13 Dutch warships under the command of Admiral Pieter Verhoeff departs the Netherlands on an expedition to the Indian Ocean to open trade with Asian nations and to fight hostile resistance. Verhoeff never returns, and he and many of his crew will be ambushed and killed on May 22 at the Banda Islands in Indonesia.

Date unknown

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1608

January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Date unknown

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1609

January–March

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January 15: Avisa newspaper begins publication.

April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Date unknown

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Births

1600

John Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
Charles I of England
Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg

1601

Louis XIII of France
Cornelis Coning

1602

Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg born 29 January
Mary of Jesus of Ágreda born 2 April
Gilles de Roberval born 10 August
William Morice (Secretary of State) born 6 November
Agnes of Jesus born 17 November

1603

Ivan III Drašković
Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark
Joseph of Cupertino

1604

Johann Rudolf Glauber
Tokugawa Iemitsu

1605

Shahryar
Federico Ubaldo della Rovere, Duke of Urbino
Simon Dach
Tianqi Emperor

1606

Edmund Waller
John Bulwer
Wouter van Twiller
Julian Maunoir
Hermann Conring
Jeanne Mance
Rembrandt

1607

Antonio Barberini
Jan Lievens
Anna Maria van Schurman
Madeleine de Scudéry
John Harvard

1608

John Tradescant the Younger born 4 August
John Milton born 9 December

1609

John Suckling
Judith Leyster
Paul Fleming
Josias von Rantzau

Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède, French novelist and dramatist (d. 1663)

Deaths

1600

Sebastian de Aparicio
Shima Sakon
Richard Hooker
Margrave Andrew of Burgau

1601

Louise of Lorraine
Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
Henriette of Cleves
Tycho Brahe

1602

Ludvig Munk died 8 April
Anna of Mecklenburg died 4 July
Hedwig of Brandenburg died 21 October
David I of Kakheti died 21 October

1603

Andrea Cesalpino
Elizabeth I of England
Ahmad al-Mansur
Pierre Charron
William Gilbert
Thomas Cartwright

1604

Catherine de Bourbon
John Whitgift
Gaspar de Bono
Hamida Banu Begum
Ercole, Lord of Monaco

1605

Pope Clement VIII
Pope Leo XI
Ulisse Aldrovandi
Theodore Beza

1606

Bogislaw XIII, Duke of Pomerania
Turibius of Mogrovejo
Henry Garnet
Guru Arjan

1607

Anne Morgan, Baroness Hunsdon
Anna d'Este
Martim Afonso de Castro
Caesar Baronius

1608

Tsugaru Tamenobu died 29 March
Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg died 29 January
Francis Caracciolo died 4 June
Joachim III Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg died 18 July
Maria Pypelinckx died 19 October

1609

Isabelle de Limeuil
Annibale Carracci
John Leonardi
Jacobus Arminius

References

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  8. ^ John Glenn Paton (1994). Italian Arias of the Baroque and Classical Eras: High. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7390-2191-0.
  9. ^ a b ("Dispatch of 23rd October, 1600: On the 20th the two ambassadors from Persia made their entry here; one is an Englishman called, as I understand, he is the principal Ambassador, and the other is a Persian called Assan Halevech; there are about twenty or twenty-five persons with them...") contemporary account, quoted in Sir Anthony Sherley and His Persian Adventure, ed by Edward D. Ross (RoutledgeCurzon, 2005) p. 23-24
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